PART I. OUTLINE - INDIA TO THE BUDDHA'S TIME.VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=THE WOMEN OF THE SAKYA CLAN CHAN TANH. India is one of the famous countries in the world because of its large land, large number of people, the highest Himalayas in the world, a rather high and long-standing civilization, the number 0, the number Pi (3). ,1416...) was first used by the Indians in mathematics, the Vedas were created by the Indians from 1800 to 500 BC, India is the homeland of the Buddha, or in other words it is where Buddhism arose, today has spread all over the world because the practice and philosophy of Buddhism is adapted to the times. Therefore, it is necessary for Time New Roman to learn about India. I. INDIA FROM ANCIENT TO BEFORE BUDDHA Since ancient times, India has had a high culture, becoming a mysterious country, attracting many people, such as Columbus who discovered America but still thought he had found India to death. . China had Phap Hien, then Huyen Trang, Nghia Tinh went to India to ask for sutras. In Vietnam, according to legend, there were Tu Dao Hanh and Nguyen Minh Khong who traveled to Tay Truc to study spiritual miracles. India is a country with a long history, bordered by Nepal and China to the North, Burma to the East, Persia and Afghanistan to the West, then East and West Islam separated from India. Natural geography divides India into 3 regions: 1. Himalayas: This mountain range is covered with snow all year round, so in Sanskrit it means "Snow residence". It is a convex arc, running about 2600 km long, including many mountains running parallel, forming a very wide width, including many high peaks, with 40 peaks ranging from 7,000 to 8,000 meters high. To the north, the wind from the ocean is trapped, turning into rain to water the vast Indus Ganges plain, 4 fifths of the Himalayas are jungle, there are many animals, many Indian hermits come to her This is the place to practice, the Indians believe that there are many gods here. So this mountain range is not only useful for Indian agriculture but also influences the culture and spirituality of the Indian people. 2. Indus Ganges Plain:This delta is one of the largest plains in the world, it extends from the Sea of ​​Oman to the Bay of Ben Gan, from 260 to 600 km wide, about 3600 km long, the Indus and Ganges rivers both arise. From the Himalayas, the Indus River in the west, 2900 km long, flows through the Pen Giap region with 5 tributaries to the Arabian Sea. The Ganges River in the East is 3090 km long, flowing into Ben Gan Bay, Indians believe that it is a sacred river, with divine patronage for them. According to legend, the Ganges River used to be in the sky, then thanks to the god Si Va, pulled it through his hair, lurking there for thousands of years, then poured down to earth, forming 7 rivers on Hy's side. Ma Lashan. The Ganges River flows through a city for thousands of years, which is the holiest place of the Indian people, which is the city of Vanarasi (Benaret).. According to the Indians, bathing in cool water and dying on the banks of the Ganges River, at the section of the Ganges that flows through this city, is the greatest blessing in life. Again, every year, tens of thousands of people travel to the upper reaches of the Ganges River to celebrate incense offerings, hoping to find blessings in this world full of suffering. 3. De Cang peninsula: Mainly De Cang plateau and two narrow plains ranging from 20 to 60 km, forming a V shape, running along the coast from East to West, this plateau is often considered as India's oldest museum, here people find almost primitive tribes, very ancient dialects, so it is said: the oldest native Indians who have ever lived here . India, through tens of thousands of years of migration and invasion, has bred the races, so it is racially diverse. Broadly, however, it can be divided into four main varieties that once lived in India. 1/ Negro Id race : Is the oldest indigenous race, existed for a long time, including the Ved Da and Gon Do people, living in the South and central De Can highlands, these peoples are skin races. black, small build, flat nose, curly hair. 2/ The Dravi Di An race : (also known as the Austra Lo-It or Melano English) race, which originated in the ocean, was the race that migrated to India the earliest, so it should be considered as indigenous. , reside mostly in the De Cang plateau. Like this man dark brown skin, narrow face, straight nose, black hair. This racial difference with the A Ry An breed is the linguistic system. 3/ Race A Ry An: A race of white or light brown skin, tall, straight nose, originating outside the territory of India, possibly a Caucasoid race originating from the Caucasus (now in the territory of the Caucasus). territory of the Soviet Union, bordering Turkey and Iran) about half of the 2nd millennium BC, from the northwest into the Indus Delta, gradually spreading to the East to the Ganges delta and down to the west. South to the De Cang plateau, the indigenous people of Davi Di An were enslaved, at the same time mixed with this race, the other part was herded to the South. The characteristic is that their language has many relations with European languages, collectively known as Indo-European language family. Over the centuries, the A Ry An people have become the main population of India. 4/ The Mongol race Id:Like yellow skin, belongs to the Burmese-Tibetan sub-race, without beard, high cheekbones. This race entered India from the North and Northeast, some spread to the East, due to long-term hybridization, today this race no longer retains the pure characteristics of its race. In general, in terms of history and culture, the Dra Vi Di An race is the foundation, while the A Ry An ethnic group is the subject element of traditional India. India is a diverse and complex country in terms of languages, the Indian currency, the rubi, has 12 different characters. Today, India officially recognizes 15 languages, excluding English, which is almost common in transactions, people divide the Indian language into two main groups: A Ry An language group includes the ancient San Skrit language. Sanskrit), was considered the official language of ancient cultures and is the most commonly spoken Hindi language today (140 million users) . The Davi Di An language group used in the De Cang plateau includes Te Lu Gu, Mun Da (closely related to the Mon Khmer family) , Uoc Du is a special language that combines India with Islam. written in Arabic script and Hindi grammar. In terms of religion, according to the 1971 statistics published as follows: Hinduism (Hinduism) ------- 83% of the population is Muslim ----------------------------- -11% - Sikhism --------------2% - Buddhism ---------- ------------------ 0.75% - Jainism (Jinism) -------- 0.50 % - Persia, Christianity , Jewish --- 2% - In ancient times, India had a culture of the Indus River (now the Indus River belongs to the country of western India) around 2500 years to 1500 BC, this period is known as Pre-Vedic culture after then to the Vedic culture of the Aryan (Aryan) people between 1800 and 500 BC. The Indians living in the Indus river region had a belief in gods, especially goddesses, and the A Ry An people worshiped natural forces such as the air god Va Ru Na, the storm god In Dra, and the fire god A Nhi. .., they held sacrifices to those primitive beliefs and religions, it was called Vedic religion, the fusion of two cultural elements Ary An and the indigenous people of the Indus around the middle of the second millennium. 2 BC, transforming the urban culture of the indigenous people into a rural one, also transforming the livestock economy of the A Ry An breed into a farming economy, forming the ancient Indian culture. India, united with the spirit of Vedic religion, it has a fundamental nature, it is called the Hindu culture. The economic life of the Indians was dominated by agriculture and commerce, and socially from tribes they soon transformed into nations, headed by a monarch. Forms of sacrifice, the authority of martial artists, soon formed a class society to protect the interests of the class. Ancient Indian society was divided into four classes, at the top was the class of those who sacrificed, recited the Vedas, preached to the masses, that was the Brahmin class, then the class of the people. ruled as kings, mandarins, and nobles called Sa De Loi, then the class of the common people, including workers, farmers, merchants called the Visha class, and finally, the untouchable, eternal class. do despicable and servile occupations. The Vedic period is associated with the invasion of the Aryan people into the land of India, they had the spiritual product of the Vedic scriptures written in Sanskrit, it consists of 4 sets: - Rig Veda: Content praising the gods. - Ya Juna Veda: A collection of rituals and sacrifices. - Sama Veda: Includes prayer songs. - Evil Tava Veda: Collection of incantations. The Vedas exemplify the basic doctrine that humans are constantly in contact with the gods, reflecting the harmony between man and the universe. Thanks to sacrifices, people will be protected by those gods, will avoid bad luck and get lucky. Gradually, the people who sacrificed to strengthen their position, they created the Brah Ma Na scriptures, which are commentaries and interpretations attached to each of the Vedas, this is the period of Brahmanism, the This priest had power and privilege, which in the ancient Indian code of Manu affirms and gives special privilege that no one can arrest or execute a person of this caste. The phenomenon of "Brahminization" for other social classes at that time was the theory of the four stages of life. Accordingly, an Indian in turn goes through the following stages: Brahmin disciple, householder, hermit and beggar ascetic, so in the last two stages of life, Indians are almost always became a Brahmin monk. All of this reinforces the concept of social order, an eternal norm. It is said that Brahmanism is built on the foundation of three elements: Tao, caste and life stages. The longest final stage of Brahminism, the transformation into Hinduism (Hinduism) highly developed form of Brahminism. The Hindu scriptures include the Vedas and literary works. Regarding the canon, there are four Vedas, the commentaries on the Brah Ma Na, the pinnacle of the Hindu speculative system of teachings centered on the U Pa Ni Sadas. In terms of literary works of various quantities, mainly the fairy tale book Pu Ra Na, two epic books Ma Ha Bha Ra Ta and Ra Ma Ya Na. The most prominent work is the work Chi Ton Ca (Bha Ga Vad Ghi Ta) inserted into the epic Ma Ha Bha Ra Ta. This work is an excellent summary of Hindu teachings, as one researcher has assessed: “The greatest, most complete, and most concise of all the Bibles of mankind.” The most basic categories of Hinduism are the ace of the man and the brah man: the brah man is the universal self, the absolute, in the religious aspect is the divine element contained and imbued in all things. As for the Ace of Man is the individual ego, the particularity in each thing, man is a piece of Brah Man, existing in a specific and unique way. So Ace is also Brah Man and vice versa. If Ace Man and Brah Man are the foundation of the worldview, then Kac Man and Sam Ma Ra are the foundation of human life. According to Sam Mara theory, the death of a person is a transition to another life, rebirth in samsara, associated with Sam Ma Ra as Kac Man, this is a cause-and-effect relationship, according to which any action Every human thing is paid for, it is omnipotent beyond the will of man, pursuing man is never mistaken. And the Mok Sa theory is that people are very difficult but can avoid karmic retribution by exertion, they can come to liberation. Therefore, when realizing the truth of the Brah Man - Brah Man, being aware of the ephemeral life, understanding the reason of life and death, will extinguish all the driving forces pushing the wheel of karma, samsara, it will stop. The Supreme Song shows three paths for those who want to be liberated, namely: the way of action, enthusiastically fulfilling their obligations in life, the way of knowledge, letting go of all temptations, and diligently training the spirit. and finally the path of devotion, trusting and loving a god of your choice, reverent as the supreme one. The Reformed Hindu sacrificial rituals were much simpler than that of the Brahmins. II. TIME OF THE Buddha: A. Jainism : At the same time as Buddhism, India had Jainism, the leader being Vardhamana (Dai Hung), he was born near Vaisali citadel, Ly Sa Vic state, also in the northeastern border region of India, he was the prince of a court, had a wife and daughter, after 12 years as a monk, he attained enlightenment under the Bo tree. To become an enlightened being, is venerated as Ma Ha Vi Ra. According to legend, there were monks who attained enlightenment before, Ma Ha Vi Ra was the 24th last enlightened one. After attaining enlightenment, he still lived ascetic with 11 disciples who went everywhere to preach. In 527 BC, Ma Ha Vi Ra died in Patna, at the age of 72, he was believed by followers to have passed away into nirvana. At that time, monks and nuns followed him to 50,000 people, most of them women. . Jainism denies Vedic teachings, admits the multi-faceted reality of reality, often takes the example of 6 blind people touching an elephant, each blind person only knows part of the elephant, from which it follows that man perceives things as well. one-sided like the blind brothers. Jainism also has some similarities with Buddhism, they have the concept of the Three Jewels (three precious miracles ): Right faith, right perception and right conduct. The other five commandments are: Do not kill, do not lie, do not steal, do not commit adultery, and do not keep your own. In particular, Jainism has A Him Sa theory (not killing living beings)., is considered as a principle that pervades all the thoughts and actions of the believer. A Himsa's specific practice was asceticism, fasting to avoid karmic retribution and attain Nirvana, their practice of fasting, which later influenced Saint Gandi in his nonviolent struggle. , to regain India's independence from the British Empire. After the death of Ha Ha Vi Ra for a while, the Jain religion divided into two factions, the sect without clothes called Nude and the Bach Y sect (wearing white clothes) . The Non-Yi sect believes that they uphold the ascetic tradition and do not recognize the scriptures, which are considered to have been introduced by later generations, and the teachings and precepts of the White sect are somewhat more open. In general, the two sexes are not in conflict with each other. B. FOREIGN TEACHER OF THE PLAN: At that time, the World-Honored One had 6 pagans, holding different theories. Buddhism called the Six Masters outsiders, these sects only exploded temporarily and then destroyed. There are: 1. School of Nanda Ca Diep (Pùrana Kàssápa): This school advocates random theory, does not believe in the law of cause and effect. Buddhism calls this sect "the school of no cause and effect". 2. School of Mat Gia Le Cau Xa Loi (Makkhali Gosàla): This school advocates naturalism, everything is not affected by any cause at all. Buddhism calls this sect "the evil destiny of the outside religion". 3. Ajitakesa Kambali (Ajitakesa Kambali) sect:This school advocates materialism. Assuming that human beings are composed of four elements "Earth, water, fire, and wind", they die and return to the four elements, do not respect the spirit and morality, and advocate the enjoyment of the flesh as the goal. 4. The Buddhist School of Buddhism (Pakudha Katyayana): This sect maintains that life and matter are permanent, the creations depend on the harmony of the 7 elements "Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, Suffering, Fun, Life". So samsara is just an accumulation of those 7 factors, and the 7 elements are immortal. 5. Sanjaya Belatthiputta (Sanjaya Belatthiputta): This school advocates the doctrine of monasticism, belonging to the sophistry. They believe that the truth is not immutable, so it is useless to practice the Way, but only to meditate. 6. Ni Kien Da Nha De Tu sect (Nigantha Nàtaputta): This sect advocates asceticism, believes that happiness and happiness are caused by previous karma, in order to get rid of previous karma, one must practice asceticism to seek liberation. C. SIX Philosophical Sects : Jainism and non-Buddhist Six Masters do not belong to the thought of Brahmanism, but at the time of the Buddha there were 6 philosophical schools, which were influenced by the Vedas, Bra Ma Na or U Pa Ni Sad. These six factions have similar views, so they can be divided into 3 groups: Group with materialistic elements: Nyaya - Vaisésika Extreme idealist group: Miámmà - Vedànta Group including both idealism and materialism: Samkhya - Yoga The general ideas of the sects are as follows: 1. The main theory (Nyaa): The thought of this sect belongs to pluralism, taking the Nyaya-Sutra scriptures as a basis. This sect holds that people born in the world are full of actions and actions as the basis for afflictions, and afflictions are the basis of ignorance. Therefore, if you want to get rid of suffering, you must destroy ignorance, and if you destroy ignorance, you will attain peace and liberation. This theory is equivalent to the 12 causes and conditions of Buddhism. Regarding the method of discussion, this faction is divided into 5 stages: Ton, Nhan, Du, Hop, and Ket. Later on, this method was corrected by Vasubandhu and Tran Na, and transformed into the logic of Buddhism. 2. Victory theory school (Vaisésika): This school advocates "the bar is permanent" (the sound is usually still), they stand on the natural stance of philosophy to explain everything in the universe, the founder is Cana Da (Kanada) , the base scripture is Vaisésika-Sutra, which outlines 6 categories: Real meaning. (Physical) , Duc ow meaning (General) , Karma meaning meaning (Use), Synonymous meaning, Different meaning, Harmony meaning meaning as the principle to establish all things. First of all, observing all things in a specific part, it is necessary to establish the real meaning, when observing the properties or attributes, establish the German meaning, in order to match the concept of movement, establish the meaning of Karma. In short, all things are established by three principles "Reality, Virtue, Karma" Based on those three principles, observing all things, if they are related to each other, it will form Synonymy; if they are opposite, then it will become a synonym. If the above 5 principles are linked together, then it is established that Harmony of the meaning is established. Those are the 6 basic principles or categories for this school to explain and explain all things. In terms of human life, this school believes that human beings are formed by eight factors: First, the element of ace, the element of immortality, and second, the mind (Manas).is the organ of communication between the aceman and the five senses, the five senses are made up of matter entirely; the eye is caused by the fire element, the ear is by the air element, the snake is by the earth element, the damage is caused by the water element, and the body is caused by the wind element create. The objects of the five senses are the five senses: form, sound, flavor, taste, and touch. The ace is the subject, the other organs depend on for perception and action. The eighth factor is the force of karma (Adrata) , due to the practice of karma, one must be reincarnated. If you want to escape from samsara, you must destroy the karma by practicing austerities to reach the pure state of man, that is the ideal. rescue. 3. School of Numerology (Sàmkhya): The ancestor is Ca Pil (Kapia)This faction advocates the dualism of mind and matter. Matter is the founding element of all things, matter is always fluctuating, in contrast to matter are countless souls, free souls, combined with matter to create creatures. Relying on the 3 elements of Joy, Sadness, and Darkness, collectively known as the 3 Virtues, based on the combination of the 3 virtues to explain the universal phenomenon, if those 3 virtues are mentioned one by one, they influence each other and are the driving force behind the creation. If the three virtues stand alone, it is the cause of destruction. 4. School of Yoga (Yoga): The founder is Bat Tu Xa Le (Patanjali) , taking the Yoga-Sutra scriptures as the basis. This school focuses on the practice of meditation to seek liberation, according to the method of practice divided into 8 stages: Forbidden (Yama) , Encourage (Niyama), Situational Law (Asana) , Right Thing (Prānayāma) , Moderation (Pratyākāra) , Upholding (Dhāranā) , Contemplation (Dhyāna) , Concentration (Samadhi) . - Forbidden: It is necessary to keep the five precepts: Do not kill, do not steal, do not commit adultery, do not lie, do not be greedy, (of negative virtue) . - Encouragement: It is necessary to do 5 things: Purity, contentment, asceticism, study of scriptures, concentration of spirit, (of positive virtue) . - Sitting Dharma: It is the conditioning of the body. - Articles: Is breathing regulation. - Sensation: Dominion of the five senses - Maintenance: Concentrating thoughts. Mindfulness: Unify the mind. - Equal maintenance: For the mind to become as quiet as space, there is only a bright realm, ie the attainment of samadhi (Sammadhi) , only one "Self" to free itself. 5. Er Man Tat Sect (Miámmsà): The founder was Sa Yer Ni (Jaimini) , taking the Miámmsà-Sutra scriptures as a base. This sect focuses on philosophical ethics, obeys the orders and prohibits of God. Vedas, advocates the theory of "permanent sound". Regarding the ideal of liberation, this sect holds that in order to be happy in the present and future generations, it is necessary to use many forms of sacrifices, sacrifices that will be repaid in the present or in the future. 6. The Vedanta School (Vedanta): The ancestor was Lady Dala Gia Na (Badarayana), taking the Vedanta scriptures written by Badarayana as the basis. The philosophical thought of this school holds that Brahman is the total principle of the universe, everything, is unique and transcendent. Everything in the universe is included in Brahman, because Brahman develops the phenomenon of gender. First of all, Brahman expands on Void, Void gives birth to Wind, Wind gives birth to Fire, Fire gives birth to Water, Water gives birth to earth. These five elements, on the one hand, are organized into worldly objects, and on the other hand, are organized into worldly sentient beings. According to the Vedanta Sutra, Brahman and Atman are one body. When in the undeveloped stage, Atman is the fetus of Brahman, but in the developed stage, the human Atman is in an independent position, subject to Brahman's control. The characteristics of Atman are wisdom and behavior, depending on free will and judgment, forming many kinds of actions. Due to the practice of training, they forget their homeland, only following training, so they are subject to birth and death. gender phenomena, suffering in sentient beings. Sentient beings are a part of Brahman, full of pure nature like Brahman. If you want to return to Brahman, you need to practice in order to be liberated. Due to the practice of liberation, Atman merges with the Brahman realm, this is the stage of attaining complete and permanent liberation. That was the formation of Indian society before and during the Buddha's time. Were the teachings the Buddha taught built on the philosophies, the schools that existed at the time, or the teachings of the Buddha himself, he found, illuminating his own right and wrong? theories above. In any case, at that time the Buddha abolished the Indian social class of that time, which had long been established and most firmly defended, was a great reform, brought about peace. Equal and fair for everyone, easy to convert people to Buddhism, moreover, the original teachings are practical, suitable for everyone with the four truths: Suffering, Origin, Cessation, and Tao through the first teaching. In the Deer Garden, at that time, the Dharma plus the Twelve Causes and Conditions included enough human life and Buddhist cosmology.END=NAM MO SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).WORLD VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST ORDER=BUDDHIST DHARMA WHEEL GOLDEN MONASTERY=VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=THE WOMEN OF THE SAKYA CLAN CHAN TANH.AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.4/1/2022.